Strategi Kesantunan Mahasiswa Asing di Indonesia Ketika Meminta Bantuan dan Meminta Maaf

Siti Salamah, Hermanto Hermanto, Dedi Wijayanti

Abstract


Previous research on the pragmatic politeness strategies of foreign students has only examined the politeness maxims used by these students. This study examines how foreign students ask for help and apologize from a gender perspective. The objectives of this study are to determine the following: (1) the types of politeness strategies frequently used by foreign male and female students, (2) the strategies used when asking for help, and (3) the strategies used when apologizing. These strategies are based on the theory of Brown and Levinson. This study employed a qualitative case study research method. The researcher employed observation, recording, and interviewing techniques. Data were analyzed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña (2014) model. The data were validated using credibility, transferability, dependability, and objectivity tests. The results show that male foreign students tend to use direct strategies when asking for help or apologizing. Conversely, female students tend to use negative politeness strategies when asking for help or apologizing. An interesting finding emerged in the category of apologizing for social relations: both male and female foreign students tended to use negative politeness strategies. They used these strategies to maintain good social relations.

Abstrak
Penelitian strategi pragmatik kesantunan mahasiswa asing sebelumnya hanya berfokus pada deskripsi maksim kesopanan mahasiswa asing. Penelitian ini akan meneliti bagaimana mahasiswa asing meminta bantuan dan meminta maaf dari perspektif gender. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) jenis strategi kesantunan mahasiswa dan mahasiswi asing yang sering digunakan; (2) strategi kesantunan mahasiswa dan mahasiswi asing ketika meminta bantuan; dan (3) strategi kesantunan mahasiswa dan mahasiswi asing ketika meminta maaf. Strategi kesantunan dalam penelitian ini mengacu pada teori Brown dan Levinson. Metode penelitian ini adalah studi kasus kualitatif. Peneliti menggunakan teknik observasi, perekaman, dan wawancara. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan model Miles, Huberman, dan Saldaña (2014). Keabsahan data dilakukan dengan uji kredibilitas, uji transferabilitas, uji dependabilitas, dan terakhir uji objektivitas. Hasil menunjukkan mahasiswa asing cenderung menggunakan strategi langsung saat meminta bantuan dan meminta maaf. Sebaliknya, mahasiswi cenderung memakai strategi kesantunan negatif saat meminta bantuan dan meminta maaf. Hal menarik muncul pada kategori aktivitas permintaan maaf tentang relasi sosial, mahasiswa dan mahasiswi asing sama-sama cenderung menggunakan strategi kesantunan negatif. Strategi tersebut digunakan untuk menjaga hubungan sosial tetap terjalin baik.

Keywords


asking for help; apologizing; female student; male student; pragmatic strategies

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alahmad, THM., Alkasassbeh, AKA. (2020). Linguistic Politeness and Gender: Apology Strategies: A Sociolinguistic Research. International Journal of Linguistics ISSN 1948-5425 2020, Vol. 12, No. 1. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i1.16484

Alasmari, A.A. (2023). Challenges and Social Adaptation Of International Students in Saudi Arabia. Heliyon 9(5):e16283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16283

Ali, S., Yoenanto, N.H., Nurdibyanandaru, D. (2020). Hambatan Bahasa sebagai Penyebab Stres di Kalangan Mahasiswa Asing Universitas Airlangga. Prasasti Jurnal Linguistik, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.20961/prasasti.v5i2.44355

Alshihry, M.A., (2023). Language Attitudes and Multilingualism: Perceptions of Native and Non-Native Accents in Multilingual Communities. BATARA DIDI. 2(2). 81-92. https://doi.org/10.56209/badi.v2i2.102

Alzahrani, M., A., M. (2022). The Role of Requestee’s Gender in the Choice of Request Strategies by Female Speakers of Saudi Colloquial Arabic. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 108-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.32601/ejal.911546

Awang, S., Razak, S.S., Zakaria, W.N.F.W. (2017). Variation of Politeness Strategies Employed by Second Language Learners in Role-Play Tasks. World Applied Sciences Journal, 35(12):2630-2642. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2017.2630.2642

Ayllón, S., Zamora, C. (2025). Gender Bias in Student Evaluations of Teaching: Do Debiasing Campaigns Work? https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5123392

Bakhtiyarovna, A.K. (2024). Gender Differences In Language Use And Politeness Strategies. American Journal of Philological Sciences. The USA Journals. 4(4), pp. 17-23, https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume04issue04-04

Beschieru, M. (2021). Changes in the Classroom Discourse: Negative Politeness and Impoliteness. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Philologica 13(2):37-54. https://doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2021-0012

Bialystok, E. (2021). Efek kognitif dari kedwibahasaan: Perspektif yang berkembang. Dalam W. S. Francis (Ed.), Bilingualisme di sepanjang umur: Peluang dan tantangan untuk penelitian kognitif dalam masyarakat global (pp. 9-28). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315143996-3

Bích, TNT. (2025). Investigation of the Effectiveness of Gender on the Use of Politeness Requests in Communication in Teaching. EIKI Journal of Effective Teaching Methods, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.59652/jetm.v3i1.409

Brown, P., Levinson, S.C. (1987). Kesantunan: Beberapa Keuniversalan dalam Penggunaan Bahasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chintawidy, P., & Sartini, N. (2022). A Cross-Cultural Pragmatics Study of Request Strategies and Politeness in Javanese and Sundanese. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v4i2.152-166

Dewaele, J.M. dan Wei, Li. (2012). Multilingualisme, empati dan multikompetensi, International Journal of Multilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2012.714380

Fitri, N. (2022). Politeness strategies based on gender in English classroom discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 45(3), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.24815/eej.v13i2.21980

H. Spencer-Oatey dan D. Z. Kádár. (2021). Intercultural Politeness: Managing Relations across Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hameed, A.M. (2021). Discourse Analysis of Apology and Politeness Strategies in ‘Al- Musameh Kareem’ TV Programme. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researches. 8(7), https://www.ijcar.net/assets/pdf/Vol8-No7-July2021/2.-Discourse-Analysis-of- Apology-and-Politeness-Strategies-in-Al-Musameh-Kareem-TV-Programme.pdf

Huda, R.N., Baskoro, B.R.S. (2020). Transfer Pragmatik dalam Keluhan Mahasiswa Asing yang Belajar Bahasa Indonesia di UGM. Prasasti: Jurnal Linguistik, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.20961/prasasti.v5i1.39380

J. C. Félix-Brasdefer dan M. L. Shively. (2021). Pragmatic Development in a Second Language, Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.

Kamran, U., Abid, S. (2023). Cross-Cultural Conversational Strategies Used by Chinese Students in Pakistan. International Journal of Linguistics and Culture. 4(1). https://doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v4i1.181

Kartika, D. (2017). Strategi dan Penggunaan Modifikasi dalam Kesantunan Tindak Tutur Memohon oleh Mahasiswa Jepang pada Program Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (BIPA). Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia. 2(2). https://doi.org/10.24235/ileal.v2i2.1418

Kayyali, M. (2025). The Pragmatics of Politeness in Higher Educational Settings: Professors, Students, and Power Relations. In A. Ismaili-Alaoui (Ed.), Socio- Cultural Concepts of (Im)Politeness: Interpretation, Linguistics, and Discourse Analysis (pp. 25-56). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0964-4.ch002

Liu, S., Kinginger, C. (2021). The Sociocultural Ontogenesis of International Students’ Use of Pragmatic Strategies in ELF Academic Communication: Two Contrasting Case Studies. Journal of Pragmatics, Volume 186, December 2021, pp 364-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PRAGMA.2021.10.022

Malkawi, A. (2023). Doctoral Thesis. The Public Apology: A Linguistic Exploration Of Politeness In The Ritual Interaction Of The Tribal Dispute Resolution In Jordanian Culture. Brighton: Brighton University.

Marchitto, I.D.P. (2025). Gender and Language Ideologies in Russian: Exploring Linguistic Stereotypes and Politeness Evaluations. Languages 10 (9), p. 213, MDPI AG, https://10.3390/languages10090213

Miles, M.B, Huberman, A.M, & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis, A Methods Sourcebook, Edition 3. USA: Sage Publications.

Mukhroji, M., Nurkamto, J., Subroto, H., & Tarjana, S. (2019). Tindak tutur dalam Interaksi Sosial di Kalangan Komunitas Belajar Bahasa Inggris di Kampung Inggris Kediri. https://doi.org/10.2991/conaplin-18.2019.281

Mustofa, R. (2024). Gegar budaya akademik mahasiswa asing di Indonesia (studi kasus di universitas muhammadiyah Surakarta). Didaktika Jurnal Pendidikan, 13(2), 1641-1654. Https://doi.org/10.58230/27454312.667

Ngo, C.G.A., Alcayde, F.A.B., Lagrosa, I.P., Micabalo, B.Y.B. (2025). Students Politeness Strategies and Politeness Maxims in Student-Teacher Online Interactions. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.90500064

Oktavia, D., Bátyi, S., Mukminin, A., Santos, M.L., Astrero, E.T., Mayo, Torress, J.T., Marzulina, L. (2023). The Manifestation of Interlanguage Pragmatics in Direct and Indirect Request Strategies Used by International Students. Studies in Englis Language and Education, 10 (3). https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v10i3.27548

Qari, I.A. (2017). Disertasi. Politeness Study of Requests and Apologies as Produced by Saudi Hijazi, EFL Learners, and British English University Students. London: University of Roehampton.

Rahi, N. K. . (2025). Pragmatics Study of Speech Act of Apology Between Men and Women: Comparative Study. Academia Open, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10673

Rahardi, R. K., & Firdaus, W. (2024). Symbolico-Informational Meanings Of Multimodal Visual Socio-Political Dipragmatic Meanings Of Visual Socio-Political Multimodal Discourse In The Perspective Of Critical Pragmatics. Kandai, 20(2), 153-171.

Sandor, E. (2022). What business students really need: Pragmatic strategies used by young business professionals in a multilingual environment. Jurnal Akademik Online Freeside Europe, Edisi 13, 2022, pp 1-24. https://doi.org/10.51313/freeside-2022-06

Senowarsito. (2023). Politeness strategies in teacher-student interaction. TEFLIN Journal, 34(2), 92-99. hhttps://journal.teflin.org/index.php/journal/article/view/156/145

Shen, A. (2023). Exploring Intercultural Teaching Strategies to Promote International Students' National Education. Global Humaniora dan Sosial Ilmu Pengetahuan, 4(5), pp.225-230. https://doi.org/10.61360/bonighss232014980502

Solihat, M. (2018). Komunikasi dan adaptasi budaya mahasiswa asing di Universitas Komputer Indonesia (Unikom) Bandung. Jurnal Umum, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.34010/common.v2i1.872

Willcox-Ficzere, E. (2023). How Might the Analysis of the Social Context Influence B2- C2 Level Learners’ Linguistic Choices in Oral Discourse?. Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture, Volume (13). https://doi.org/10.22364/bjellc.13.2023.10

Yin, R.K. (2009). Penelitian studi kasus: Desain dan metode (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Yin, R.K. (2017). Case Study Research: Design and Method. Fourth Edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.

Zaka, I. (2020). Tindak Tutur Ekspresif dalam Bahasa Indonesia oleh Pembelajar BIPA Tionghoa di Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. EDUCASIA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Pengajaran, dan Pembelajaran, 5(2), https://doi.org/10.21462/educasia.v5i2.57




DOI: https://doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v14i2.8396

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Lihat Statistik Jurnal Ranah View MyStat

 

Ranah: jurnal Kajian Bahasa diterbitkan oleh Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa bekerja sama dengan Perkumpulan Pengelola Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra Indonesia dan Pengajarannya (PPJB-SIP) is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 

 

©2017a

Sekretariat Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa

Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa

Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan

Jalan Daksinapati Barat IV, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur

Pos-el: jurnalranahbahasa@gmail.com

Telepon: (021) 4706287