KONSTELASI WACANA FATIS DALAM STRUKTUR WACANA PERCAKAPAN MASYARAKAT JAWA (The Constellation of Phatic Discourse in The Conversational Discourse Structure of Javanese Society)

Abstract

Language in its social mode is realized in the form of phatic discourse, which is discourse that holds little informational importance but is crucial as a means of maintaining social relationships. In general communication practices within a community, phatic discourse is typically used in the opening and closing phases (marginal phases) of a conversation. Based on this assumption, the researchers hypothesized that phatic discourse is very likely to be present and constellate in every phase of interaction, depending on relational needs and conversational context. This study aimed to describe the constellation of phatic discourse within the conversational discourse structure of Javanese society. The data for this study consisted of phatic discourse as units filling conversational/interactive discourse. Data collection was centered in Pirikan Village, Secang District, Magelang Regency, from January to June 2020. A total of 17 respondents participated in the research. Data collection was performed using non-participant observation techniques. During data collection, the researchers also conducted recording, note-taking, and transcription. The research data were analyzed using referential identity methods, pragmatic identity methods, and distributional methods. Based on the findings, phatic discourse was present and constellated in every phase of interaction, including opening, middle, and closing phases. The phatic discourse constellating within the conversational discourse structure of Javanese society served five functions: propitiatory, exploratory, initiatory, space/pause fillers, mitigatory, and consolidatory. The constellation of these functions within the conversational structure ultimately served to achieve a working consensus for interaction. The results of this study confirm previous researchers' theses that phatic discourse generally constellates in marginal phases, and it proves that phatic discourse can also appear and constellate in the middle phase of interaction.

Bahasa dalam modus sosial direalisasikan dalam bentuk wacana fatis, yaitu sebuah wacana yang tidak penting informasinya, tetapi penting sebagai sarana untuk memelihara hubungan sosial. Dalam praktik komunikasi di masyarakat, pada umumnya wacana fatis digunakan dalam fase pembuka dan penutup (fase marginal) percakapan. Berangkat dari asumsi itu peneliti berhipotesis bahwa wacana fatis sangat mungkin hadir dan berkonstelasi dalam setiap fase interaksi bergantung kebutuhan relasional dan konteks percakapan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan konstelasi wacana fatis dalam struktur wacana percakapan masyarakat Jawa. Data dalam penelitian ini ialah wacana fatis sebagai satuan pengisi wacana percakapan/interaktif. Latar pengambilan data dipusatkan di Desa Pirikan, Kecamatan Secang, Kabupaten Magelang pada Januari s.d. Juni 2020. Responden yang terlibat dalam penelitian berjumlah 17 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi nonpartisipan. Selama pengumpulan data berlangsung, peneliti juga melakukan perekaman, pencatatan, dan pentranslasian. Data penelitian ini dianalisis dengan metode padan referensial, padan pragmatis, dan metode agih. Berdasakan penelitian, wacana fatis hadir dan berkonstelasi dalam setiap fase interaksi baik pembuka, tengah, penutup. Wacana fatis yang berkonstelasi dalam struktur wacana percakapan masyarakat Jawa memiliki lima fungsi, antara lain: propitiatory, exploratory, initiatory, space/pause fillers, mitigatory, dan consolidatory. Konstelasi fungsi-fungsi tersebut dalam struktur percakapan pada akhirnya digunakan untuk mencapai konsensus interaksi (working consensus). Hasil penelitian ini mengukuhkan tesis para peneliti terdahulu bahwa pada umumnya wacana fatis berkonstelasi pada fase marginal dan membuktikan bahwa wacana fatis dapat muncul dan berkonstelasi pada fase tengah interaksi.